\chapter{Introduction}

% \TODO{Establish a research territory : show that the general research area is
% important, central, interesting, problematic, or relevant in some way. 
% introduce and review items of previous research in the area.}
In the last decade, implementation and adoption of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) into the organization becomes more prominent in developing
countries, particularly in the public sector organization. ICT adoption provide
the hope of being able to enhance policy formulation, promote participation,
improve service quality, make planning more effective, resources efficiency, and
become a means of empowering citizens through access to information and knowledge\cite{Traunmiiller1996,Bhatnagar2000,Imran2005}. Moreover, as a global 
information technology emerges, developing countries must ensure them self not
isolated from the technology and link to global information
society\cite{Davison2000}. However, implementation of IT is not a simple
construct, many issues need to be considered \cite{Furuholt2005}. In fact, as
reported by \citenoun{Heeks2002}, many information systems in developing
countries are failed, either total or partial, and only minor are fall into
successVarious studies have been carried out in order to ensure better understanding
about IT implementation and adoption. For examples how organizational culture
influence the adoption of IT in government agency \cite{Dasgupta2011},
identification of barriers and challenges to ICT adoption in public sector in
developing countries \cite{Imran2006,Al-busaidy2011,Weerakkody2009}, health
information systems implementation in district level in Mozambique by
\citenoun{Braa2001}, and information systems and organizational change
management in health sector in Ecuador by \citenoun{Javier2004}.
% \TODO{add more previous work, technological issue,
% ICT literacy, developing countries challenges}
%  \TODO{Establishing a niche (gap) : indicate a gap in the previous research by
% raising a question about it, or extending previous knowledge in some way.}

Although considerable attention has been devoted to this topic, rather less
research has been paid to examine IT implementation and adoption in higher
education institution such as universities. Universities differ from others
organizations because they have different environment and circumstances, and they
use IT for educational purposes as well as administrative support
\cite{Curry2002}. A few studies including: a study that carried out by
\citenoun{Furuholt2005} which attempted to assess the implementation process in
Tanzanian college using interpretive case study approach. \citenoun{Bii2006}
present a critical review about challenges in establishing and managing
information resource management (IRM) at Kenyan Public University. Meanwhile,
\citenoun{Huda2010} conducted a study to understand ICT implementation in
Islamic-based University in Indonesia. It is necessary also to look at from
different context to enrich the knowledge and experience in the field. % Most of the studies reported that
% the process encounter many problems and hamper the IT implementation and
% adoption.

% Universities differ from others
% organizations because they have different environment and circumstances, and
% they use IT for educational purposes as well as administrative support
% \cite{Curry2002}. 

% \TODO{add similar research
% done so far}
% However, little information are available out there regarding implementation and
% adoption of IT in developing countries in general and in South
% East Asia in particular.
% \TODO{Occupying the niche (gap) : outline purposes or stating the nature of the
% present research. indicate the structure of the Report}
% \TODO{mungkin bisa ditambah paragraph yang menyambungkan antara atas dan bawah}

% Nowadays, IT adoption in educational sector play an important role to boost the
% institutional development, strengthening the    

% The purpose of this study is to
% explain the IT support in public sector organization, particularly in higher education institution in developing
% countries. 
 
The purpose of the present study is therefore to explain the implementation of
information technology in public sector organization, particularly in higher
education institution in developing countries. The study is performed by
examining the current status of IT implementation at Indonesia's state-own
university and develop an understanding, explaining and interpreting those
findings in the light of established theory and contextual factors. With the
suitable approach, the study attempt to identify the contributing factors that
hamper the implementation process and later on, try to discover suitable
strategies that could improve the implementation process in the institution.However, in this study, the discussion will be more emphasized on
information systems implementation rather than the network
infrastructure.

% Following are the research questions that trying to be
% answered:
% \begin{enumerate}
%   \item What is the current status regarding IT implementation in the
%   institution under the case?
%   \item What is the contributing factors that hamper the process of
%   IT implementation?
%   \item What is the suitable strategies to improve the process of IT
%   implementation?
% \end{enumerate}

% The main objective is to use the implementation project as a lens to
% achieve a better understanding of use of IT in public sector
% 
% develop an understanding of all related factors, either positive or negative, toward the
% successful of ICT implementation process in the specific social context. Later
% on, with the suitable approach,
% 
% 
% positive or negative factors 
% 
% enable to identify, explore and explain how all the factors in a
% particular social setting are related and often interdependent each others, or
% contrasting what was found in the case against the theories from the literature
% in order to see whether one theory matches the case better than the others.
% 
% 
% what factors could
% contribute to hamper the implementation process in the context of develop
% 
% 
%  The purpose of this study is to examine the latest results achieved
% in ICT implementation in the state-own university and develop an understanding
% of what factors could interfere the implementation process in the context of
% public sector organization, particularly higher education institutions.

% on how some problems and organizational issues interfere the
% implementation process after 5 years.  
% , in light of established implementation theory.

% The purpose of this investigation is to examine the results achieved in
% implementing ICT in the state-own university in Indonesia after 5 years and
% explaining and interpreting those findings in light of established
% implementation theory and contextual factors.

This report is organized as follows; After Introduction, thetheoretical basis for this work will be presented, mainly recent study in thefield of ICT implementation in developing countries, and then followed by the
description of the employed data collection and methodology. Next, 
context of the case will be described in detail and anythings that found from
the institution during data gathering. Following this, discussion and analysis
of the current situation at the institution in contrast with the recent study
are conducted. This report finished with conclusion, study limitations, and
prospects for further research and recommendations.
%% ===========================================================================

% \cite{Bhatnagar2000} ICT applications can be classified as those that provided
% decision support to public administrators for improving planning and monitoring
% of developmental programs, those that improved services to citizens and brought
% in transparency, and those that empowered citizens through access to information
% and knowledge

% \cite{Furuholt2005} Implementation of information technology (IT) has been a
% core theme in information systems (IS) research at least since the early 1980s,
% and there is a large body of accumu- lated knowledge related to this. However,
% comparatively little is known about the special challenges of implementation and
% adoption of IT in third world countries in general and in East Africa in
% particular
% 
% 
% \cite{Imran2005} The adoption and effective use of information and communication
% technologies (ICT) has the potential to yield significant benefits in the least
% developed countries (LDCs), which are recognized as the most vulnerable in the
% international community The aim of this study was to investigate strategies to
% advance the use of ICT in the public sector in LDCs, with the aim of improving
% services and outcomes for government and citizens.
% 
% \cite{Imran2006} Adoption of ICT in the public sector of the least developed
% countries (LDCs) is still far from satisfactory, despite many initiatives at
% international and national levels. In addition to perceived barriers associated
% with LDCs, such as lack of political will and commitment, leadership,
% infrastructure, human capacity etc, this empirical study has found new evidence
% of a deep rooted underlying cause, a lack of proper knowledge and awareness as
% the major barrier to ICT adoption, in the context of Bangladesh.
% 
%  \cite{Olutimayin2002} This study aims at investigating the extent to which
% Information Technology (IT) has affected the cultures of small nations, taking
% the South Pacific region as a study point. Against the background that the
% educational systems of the Pacific nations have not produced an efficient and
% effective curriculum with which to cope with the challenges of highly
% sophisticated technological applications,
% 
% \cite{Bukachi2007} However, this brief review shows that in the last decade
% there has been significant growth in Internet access in urban areas;The central
% message learned during this period about the application of ICTs is that
% infrastructural and cultural contexts vary and require different models and
% approaches. Thus, to harness the full potential of ICTs to the benefit of health
% systems, health workers, and patients will demand an intricate mix of old and
% new technologies.
% 
% \cite{Ssewanyana2007} Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is regarded
% as a driver and enabler of economic development is most countries including Uganda
% 
% 
% \cite{Silva2011} Information and telecommunication technologies (ICT) are often
% seen as useful tools for nation building. This perception of usefulness becomes
% more prominent when considering the needs of underprivileged nations.ICT
% implementation projects in developing countries provide the hope of being able
% to leapfrogging their technological and economic development. However, ICT for
% development projects often face significant barriers, which combine to retard,
% reduce or even derail the delivery of expected benefits.
% 
% \cite{Weerakkody2009} In the recent past, e-government has become popular in
% many economically developing countries, yet there are numerous attempts to
% reinvent the wheel.This article argues that e-government initiatives in
% developing countries can be effectively implemented if experiences acquired by
% developed countries are shared proficiently. With the advancement of information
% and communication technologies (ICTs), e-government has emerged as an effective
% means of delivering government services to citizens